The Great Depression in Canada-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Great Depression in Canada by Waterloo. Answer: Rundown This examination centers around a Canadian article, The Great Depression in Canada composed by (Waterloo Region Record, 2013) which identifies with a melody from Quebec (linguee.com, 2017) that discussions about the travails of Canadians during the Great Depression. The article demonstrates the aftereffects of the extraordinary sadness that hit Canada to an exceptionally enormous degree during the 1930s (Waterloo Region Record, 2013). This article helps in clarifying and elucidating the melody; La Bolduc-Cavavenir descouragez-vous Pas, a Quebec. The melodies concentrated on the effects of this gigantic melancholy on the economy of Canada. According to the proof from the above article it is apparent that the vast majority in this nation were significantly influenced by this circumstance. The vast majority endured to an exceptionally extraordinary degree because of this emergency (MacGee, 2016). At that specific time the economy of Canada was reliant on exchange as a significant financial action. They were additionally managing in remote exchange with their pivotal exchange accomplices being the Americans. At the point when America looked to expand the costs on their merchandise then the downturn circumstance in Canada intensified to incomprehensible degree making the greater part of the individuals endure. The greater part of the biggest organizations in Canada got bankrupt, with no cash to pay their representatives. The vehicle business in Canada was the one that was expressly influenced by this emergency since the greater part of the vehicle organizations particularly those that sent out products crumbled prompting a defeat of practically half in the assembling business. In addition, a large portion of individuals were influenced by hardship and dry season that caused them to rely totally upon the legislature just as the enormous non-administrative associations that were prepared to offer assistance (Wilson, 2005). Despite the fact that individuals lives were in question with the vast majority enduring, there was no quick government helps to help diminish the downturn levels. Despite all the enduring to the Canadians, the political circumstances and culture were as yet kept up demonstrating that a great many people, however enduring, were prepared to least keep up their political foundations and culture. All the more shockingly no communism or socialism government frameworks came up. The degree s of joblessness were additionally so high because of gloom making the administration look for some different approaches to support the jobless. One of the technique utilized by the administration was to set up alleviation camps to support the jobless. This was a serious solution for this confusing circumstances. A portion of the significant results of the enormous gloom incorporated the accompanying: Inadequate items, joblessness issues, tremendous costs on items, expanded degrees of neediness, low expectations for everyday life just as troublesome economy. Much the same as Canada, the effects of melancholy were annihilating at a worldwide level. The Global Great sadness. This commotion on the world economy began in the late 1920s, most presumably 1929 and went on for right around ten years. This was the biggest, longest and most huge despondency that had ever influenced the industrialized world in the Western nations (Matziorinis, 2016). In spite of the fact that this emergency initially began in the USA, it had an incredible effect on nearly the economy of each nation on the planet. The impacts of this emergency were additionally on the way of life and the public activity of the individuals of the USA. This downturn was positioned second in USA because of the common wars and it was the most noticeably awful throughout the entire existence of America. The time this downturn happened its degree was not exactly comparative in the various nations of the world. Despondency influenced the USA, Canada and the European nations for a serious long time. Then again, Japan and the Latin America encountered this downturn for little periods and to littler degrees. There were a few factors that steamed this downturn and this included; decreased interest for products, money related tumult and frenzies, ominous approaches by the legislature thus some more. This prompted a decrease in the yield particularly in the USA (Uebele, 2015). The best quality level conversion scale that connected practically all the nations of the world assumed a significant job in over sending the American downturn to practically all the nations on the planet. A large portion of the countries had the option to recoup from this emergency when they chose to quit utilizing the highest quality level as the trade monetary standards and actualized the utilization of money relat ed terms to execute organizations. For sure, the incredible sorrow prompted central modifications in most financial foundations, monetary approaches and monetary speculations. The incredible despondency in the United States started during summer in 1929. This circumstance intensified in the late 1929 and kept influencing the USA until 1933. The costs of products and the yield went down suddenly (Uebele, 2015). The modern creation fell by 45% and the Gross residential item fell by 33%. The discount value file (WCP) fell by 36% showing high collapse rates. However, these measurements are careful bantered for their exactness, it was precisely observed that the pace of joblessness was above 21%. These measurements when contrasted with that of another downturn in Canada demonstrate that the above wretchedness was the most exceedingly terrible. Since in the mid 1980s to 1982, the GDP declined by 1.9% and the pace of joblessness was just shy of 9.9%. Furthermore, during this period the costs on items kept on rising, however the cost rate increment was very moderate. This circumstance is named as disinflation. The Great Britain was among the nations that battled with low development rate and high downturn rates from 1925 to 1930 since it needed to come back to the best quality level conversion scale with a high esteemed pound. It ought to be noted however that Britain was not influenced seriously by this downturn until during the 1930s. Indeed, even the decrease in the modern creation was simply just about 1/3 of what had happened in the USA. France likewise experienced only a short and little downturn in mid 1930s (Wilson, 2005). Their recuperation from this emergency in the 1932 to 1933 was anyway for only a brief period since the creation and costs on products fell in the year 1933 to 1936. The economy of Germany tumbled down in the mid 1928, it balanced out and again fell in the late 1929. The decrease in the modern creation was only equivalent to that of the United States. Different Latin nations were likewise influenced by this circumstance in the late of the year 1928 and mid 1929, not long before the decrease in the U.S yield. Some less evolved countries, for example, Argentina and Brazil experienced gentle sorrows while others were encountering this downturn to bigger degrees. The value collapse in the USA was additionally clear in different nations. To be exact pretty much every industrialized country encountered a decrease of the discount costs of 31% or significantly more between the years 1929 and the year 1933. Since the Japanese valuing structure was very adaptable, the flattening experienced in the 1930 to 1931 was unusually quick (Waterloo Region Record, 2013). The costs on the essential wares that were exchanged around then additionally declined. For example, between September of 1929 and December of 1930 the cost on items, for example, silk, espresso, cotton, elastic was diminished by practically a large portion of the underlying cost. This prompted a decrease in the terms of exchange suddenly for the makers of this items. The recuperation from this downturn by the USA started in the spring 1933. The yield by the ventures developed quickly by 1935. The total national output increased by nearly 9% rate between the year 1933 to 1937. The yield had unfavorably fallen during the underlying times of this downturn that it stayed low for very a few periods (Wilson, 2005). In 1937 to 1938 the USA endured one more melancholy, which was all around countered and the economy developed at an exceptionally high rate. In 1942 the yield of the USA came back to the underlying since quite a while ago run level. The recuperation from this downturn by the remainder of the nations was very unique. The economy of Britain was balanced out soon after they chose to desert the highest quality level in 1931 September, however the really recuperation started in the year 1932. The vast majority of the nations in Latin America balanced out in the late 1931 and the mid 1932. Japan and Germany began recuperating in the year 1932 during fall (Waterloo Region Record, 2013). Canada and some other European nations resuscitated simultaneously exactly at the USA. Furthermore, France, that had encountered late monstrous discouragements begun recuperated late in 1938. Reasons for the incredible melancholy One of the significant reasons for this downturn in the USA was the decreased spending (total interest), that prompted diminished creation as the majority of the merchandisers and producers noticed that there was an ascent in the inventories. The wellsprings of the reversible decrease in the size of spending in the USA was distinctive over the various reasons for melancholy, however this prompted a great decrease in the total interest (MacGee, 2016). The decrease in America was over sent to practically the various nations of the world. It ought to likewise be noticed that some different factors additionally prompted the miseries in various nations of the world. The Interpretation of the Song in Relation to the Article The verses of the melody depended on the impacts that the extraordinary sadness had on the Canadians. The expressions of the tunes were composed to show how the countrys economy could influence the lives of individuals (linguee.com, 2017). It shows how despondency influenced the lives of individuals in Canada. Moreover, the tune shows the Canadian culture just as the administrations job during that disorderly period. It additionally catches the alternate points of view in the economy, viewpoints of culture and furthermore the social points of view. This tune was in this manner attempting to show the financial, the social and the political points of view of the Canadian individuals around then. In passage one, there is a message of want to all the individuals living in Canada. The words My Friends a

Mia Hamm Research paper Essay Example for Free

Mia Hamm Research paper Essay Toward the start of the story Alice begins being compelled into defacing a man she doesn’t even love. Her sister advises her to go get hitched and live just cheerfully ever after like her however her significant other is undermining her. I think Alice’s call was the point at which she continued recognizing the white bunny in the shrubberies and started to tail him really busy getting purposed to. Additionally after she tumbled down the gap the hare was attempting to disclose to her what her identity is and how she’s expected to be the hero for wonderland. Stage 2: Refusal of Call Alice begins to decline when she starts revealing to them that she isn't the correct Alice their searching for. I didn’t figure she would in any case be declining considerably after they indicated her the look of what occurred. I sort of thought she was trying to say no in light of the fact that she feared what was in front of her in the event that she assumed the test of turning into the boss. All through the start and center of the film she Lyric Perry 9/22/13 World Literature was attempting to persuade everybody this was her fantasy and everything would be alright when she woke up. Stage 4: Crossing the principal Threshold I thought during the entire story I think she crossed more than one limit. The first was the point at which she tumbled down the opening and entered wonderland in light of the fact that the trees by the two gaps were both contorted and looked fundamentally the same as. Her coming out of the gap to Wonderland to me resembled the intersection in another obscure land. Another limit was the point at which she caused it to up in her brain that she was the saint and begun putting stock in wonderland and the inconceivable. Stage 5: Belly of the Whale The midsection of the whale is the point at which a character is completely encased in the new world or experience. I think she entered the paunch of the whale when she started to acknowledge the way that it wasn’t a fantasy and wonderland is a genuine spot. I believe that Lyric Perry 9/22/13 World Literature the main way she would get out and return to this present reality was to finished her mission and kill the jabberwocky. Stage 6: Road of Trials Alice had bunches of preliminaries during her excursion, for example, when the pooch/polar bear thing began to pursue her and cut her arm. At the casual get-together when the red queen’s knight, fighters, and hound dog came searching for Alice I felt it was a preliminary in such a case that they were to have gotten her she wouldn’t have had the option to finish her objective. The street of preliminaries is a significant stage since I think they help the character prepare for what they are going to leave on. Stage 11: The Ultimate Boon a definitive shelter to me was the point at which she cut the head off of the jabberwocky. This was extremely significant in light of the fact that the entire destiny of wonderland was in her grasp. I think the white sovereign was relying upon her the most on the grounds that she truly needed the crown and for the red sovereign to quit tormenting Wonderland. Stage 15: Crossing the Return Threshold At the finish of the story I saw two returning limits the first when she moved out of the gap and when she began facing everybody at the gathering back home. At the point when she was moving out of the opening she was traverse to this present reality and her ordinary life. She began coming clean with everybody and saying what she truly felt even things that sounded unthinkable. Stage 17: Freedom to Live I thought this occurred for Alice at the finish of the film on the grounds that that’s when she truly chose to carry on with her own life and do what she needed. For example, she advised the man she wasn’t going to wed him she was going to discover somebody she adores. Alice begins conversing with the man about his business and how he should move it china. Her tumbling down the opening to me was intentionally to get her to truly follow her own ecstasy not every person else’s.

Customer Development Model Understanding Customer Discovery

Customer Development Model Understanding Customer Discovery INTRODUCTION TO CUSTOMER DEVELOPMENT MODELThe role of the vision for a business is huge. This vision offers a new product, service or experience that will reach a specific group of customers who does not just want what you offer but need it as well.But in the beginning, the vision that most businesses have is just guess-work. The vision often revolves around a product and how great it is and all of those people who might want to buy it. Developing a vision is important but that vision only serves you well if you can prove it to be true.If you want to turn your vision into a profitable business, you need to begin to develop and test your vision. This is what the Customer Development Model is all about. Your customers are out there; but only if you are willing to go out and find them.Customer discovery is the first part of the Customer Development Model. Customer discovery is the first of four steps in which you turn your vision into more than just a pipe dream but cold, hard facts tha t are eventually converted in sales figures and profitability.WHAT IS CUSTOMER DISCOVERYIn order to make the most of the customer discovery process, you need to understand what it is as well as what it is not. Without this understanding, too many businesses work to get the information that supports their beliefs about their business rather than the information that will help their business.The goal of customer discovery is figuring out who your customers are and whether your idea will appeal to them. You are not trying to figure out what every customer wants or needs. When you are looking for your initial customers, you are not looking for the masses. You are really looking for those few customers who your product is suitably designed for right now. These customers, often called product evangelists, are those who will adopt your product early and then share it with all your friends. They will be the most important and most valuable customers that you can ever have.These early custom ers are different from the rest of your market. Not only do they have a problem but they know that they have a problem. In fact, they are so upset about their problem that they are actually trying to solve it by any means possible. They may have temporary solutions of their own that work but are not ideal in the long-term.In the customer discovery phase, you need to figure out what problem your product solves and whether your customer actually has these problems and will use your product to solve them. Finding these early customers shows that your problem is real for someone. You will then use these early customers to help you iterate the product to suit their needs.It may seem counterintuitive to create a product that solves the needs of only a few customers. But chances are, the problems you want to solve do not happen in a vacuum. In too many cases, problems are widespread. However, not everyone realizes they have a problem until they are offered a solution. This is when the cust omer has the “Aha!” moment where they realize that a task could have been so much easier if only they had this solution before.Early customers have pain that is measurable and useful for you. Because of this, customer discovery is not about running focus groups. Focus groups have their value but they are not ideal for searching these early customers. A focus group will tell you more about the general issues that a mass customer base has. However, you are less likely to find a future product evangelist in these groups.Customer discovery is also not about pointing out which technical aspects of a product solve the customers’ problem. When you are going out to discover your customers, they are worried about their problem and finding a solution. Initially, they will want to know that you understand the problem and can offer a solution. But you will not be able to find these customers by spouting a list of features. These features are important to some customers. However, during th e customer discovery phase, it is the overall narrative of the solution that people are interested in. When you have a narrative or vision that offers a solution to a problem, you can establish whether or not there is a market that will ultimately share your vision.METHODS FOR UTILIZING THE CUSTOMER DISCOVERY PROCESSOnce you spend some time thinking about it, you can begin to see why the customer discovery process is important. But how do you go out and find those initial customers? For many, this seems to be the impossible part of the process. Almost all of the sales training that is delivered is focused on identifying wider markets and huge swaths of faceless customers, not the individual, passionate customer.Blank has developed a process that businesses can use to implement customer discovery. It does not include anonymous surveys or focus groups. Instead, it involves taking a measured approach to discovering customers that can be broken down into four main stages:Stage 1: State Your HypothesesYour hypotheses is part of the vision of your whole business. Hypotheses are a summary of all the things that you already believe about your market, the problem and your solution to the problem.You need to have formalized predictions in your business plan. These predictions must be in writing. Having these predictions documented is helpful because it is practical. When they are written down, it is far easier to adjust them upon further research.This practicality also offers psychological benefits. It is easier to avoid readjusting your hypotheses as you work. When you do this, it is harder to keep up with changes. Not writing them down can also lead to unsuccessful testing.Being able to pivot and change during Customer Discovery and further steps of Customer Development Model is essential. But these changes need to be made in controlled settings based on real information. Making changes on the fly is often the result of inferences. Inferences are just different predic tions. You need to wait until you have the whole story before you start making changes. This prevents confusion and offers more reliable results.After you have settled on preliminary predictions, you need to develop potential customer segments. Once you have your customer segments, you can create a contact list of customers.Once you have found potential customers, you should reach out to them. You will do this in the next step when you test your model.However, to proceed to your next step, you need to make sure that your hypotheses are testable. To make your theories as testable as possible, you need to make sure your information is very specific. The more specific it is, the easier it will be to determine whether it is true, false or somewhere in between. To make sure that your information is specific, use exact numbers and exact problems.Stage 2: Testing Your ModelYou want to make sure that you are testing your hypothesis as quickly as possible after it is formed. Depending on you r market, customers, products and trends may move very quickly. If you wait too long between developing your initial ideas and testing them, the market may have moved on. This can lead to you missing out. Testing quickly also helps ensure that you are getting your products to your customers faster. This is the ultimate goal of a start-up.You can use your own network to make your first contacts. You might want to contact your friends, people who you have worked with before, potential investors or fellow professionals in your field. All of these people might be potential customers. As such, they are the ideal people to test your hypothesis on.You will then create what Blank calls a “problem presentation”. A problem presentation is a presentation that is based on the problem that is outlined in your hypothesis. This presentation should not be highlighting your solution to the alleged problem. It is designed to focus in on the problem itself.The information that you can get about yo ur problem is very valuable to your solution. The feedback you get will tell you specific details about the problem, including how important the problem is to your customers. This is important because the more pain that people have from their problem, the more they will pay for a good solution.The goal of the problem presentation is not to tell everyone about your amazing product and encourage them to buy it. The focus must be solely on learning. Without this focus, the testing results will be skewed and won’t help you develop the right product for the right market.You will then gain better customer understanding and market knowledge. When you have more knowledge about the customers’ problem, you can ask leading questions around their problem. For example, you can ask about how they currently deal with the problem and how well the temporary solution works.In addition to reaching out to potential customers, you should also be reaching out to the wider industry to see what others are doing. You will need to know who your competitors are and what they are doing. You will want to know what companies or individuals have influence in your market. You will also want to know what trends are currently happening in the market.Once you have all of this information, you will be able to come up with the Blanks “problem statement”. This may reflect your initial hypothesis but ideally it will be far more specific.Stage 3: Testing the ProductNow that you have learned more about your customers and their problems, you can begin to test your solution. This is something that you can do only after you have a firm understanding of the problem, the customer and the market. Without this information, the information you learn testing your product will mean little. The Customer Development Model is all about putting your solution in its wider context.You will then test your model again with a presentation of your product. This presentation will not be for your customers. Instea d, you will use this time to share all of the information you have gathered with the product team. As a team, you can use this information to consider how the product itself will support the customer and the problem statement.This is the part of customer discovery where things begin to become iterative. You may find that your product as it stands does not fit within the market that you are trying to enter. As a result, you will need to make a decision about whether minor or fundamental changes need to be made to the product.If your product is a good fit for the market generally but requires changes, you can reconsider certain features of the product. Once you have made these changes, you will need to present the product a second time to validate the changes and measure the success of the changes against the customer problem.If you realize that there are fundamental issues with your product when compared to the customers you have identified, you may need to begin again and identify a new market.Once you have presented the original product, and possibly the modified product, you will have gathered enough data to be able to begin putting together several key parts of your business. You will need the following four documents in order to move into the final step of customer discovery:Your sales revenue planYour business planYour product planYour product requirement documentStage 4: Verify Your Model and Moving ForwardIn the final stage of the customer discovery process, you will compare the information that you learned in the previous two stages.The result of this comparison will tell you one of three things. Either you will be ready to move forward to customer validation or you will need to iterate this process. In some cases, you may find that you need to stop work altogether.After you have looked at all of the data that you have gathered earlier in the process, you should find that you can identify the following three things:The Problem:You should be able to ide ntify the problem that customers have. You should also know how important that problem is to your customers. If you are unsure of the problem or of the customer pain, you will need to begin again.The Product:You should be able to come up with a summary of the information that you got from customers about your product concept. By the end of the customer discovery phase, you need to know if the solution you offer actually solves your customers’ problem.If your product does not solve you customers’ problem, you can review and iterate your product.The Business Model:You should also be able to pull together enough information to create a solid business model for your product. The information that you have gathered from customers, the market and your product team should help inform you of the following key components of the business model:Sales processPriceDeliveryService requirementsPartnersCustomer relationshipsAny costs associated with maintaining partners and acquiring customersCO NCLUSION Based on Customer Development Model created by Steve BlankIn this article, you will find and learn 1) an introduction to Customer Development Model, 2) what customer discovery is, 3) methods for utilizing customer discovery process, and 4) a conclusion.INTRODUCTION TO CUSTOMER DEVELOPMENT MODELThe role of the vision for a business is huge. This vision offers a new product, service or experience that will reach a specific group of customers who does not just want what you offer but need it as well.But in the beginning, the vision that most businesses have is just guess-work. The vision often revolves around a product and how great it is and all of those people who might want to buy it. Developing a vision is important but that vision only serves you well if you can prove it to be true.If you want to turn your vision into a profitable business, you need to begin to develop and test your vision. This is what the Customer Development Model is all about. Your customers are out there; but only if you are willing to go out and find them.Customer discovery is the first part of the Customer Development Model. Customer discovery is the first of four steps in which you turn your vision into more than just a pipe dream but cold, hard facts that are eventually converted in sales figures and profitability.WHAT IS CUSTOMER DISCOVERYIn order to make the most of the customer discovery process, you need to understand what it is as well as what it is not. Without this understanding, too many businesses work to get the information that supports their beliefs about their business rather than the information that will help their business.The goal of customer discovery is figuring out who your customers are and whether your idea will appeal to them. You are not trying to figure out what every customer wants or needs. When you are looking for your initial customers, you are not looking for the masses. You are really looking for those few customers who your product is suitably designed for right now. These customers, often called product evangelists, are those who will adopt your product early and then share it with all your friends. They will be the most important and most valuable customers that you can ever have.These early customers are different from the rest of your market. Not only do they have a problem but they know that they have a problem. In fact, they are so upset about their problem that they are actually trying to solve it by any means possible. They may have temporary solutions of their own that work but are not ideal in the long-term.In the customer discovery phase, you need to figure out what problem your product solves and whether your customer actually has these problems and will use your product to solve them. Finding these early customers shows that your problem is real for someone. You will then use these early customers to help you iterate the product to suit their needs.It may seem counterintuitive to create a product that solves the need s of only a few customers. But chances are, the problems you want to solve do not happen in a vacuum. In too many cases, problems are widespread. However, not everyone realizes they have a problem until they are offered a solution. This is when the customer has the “Aha!” moment where they realize that a task could have been so much easier if only they had this solution before.Early customers have pain that is measurable and useful for you. Because of this, customer discovery is not about running focus groups. Focus groups have their value but they are not ideal for searching these early customers. A focus group will tell you more about the general issues that a mass customer base has. However, you are less likely to find a future product evangelist in these groups.Customer discovery is also not about pointing out which technical aspects of a product solve the customers’ problem. When you are going out to discover your customers, they are worried about their problem and findin g a solution. Initially, they will want to know that you understand the problem and can offer a solution. But you will not be able to find these customers by spouting a list of features. These features are important to some customers. However, during the customer discovery phase, it is the overall narrative of the solution that people are interested in. When you have a narrative or vision that offers a solution to a problem, you can establish whether or not there is a market that will ultimately share your vision.METHODS FOR UTILIZING THE CUSTOMER DISCOVERY PROCESSOnce you spend some time thinking about it, you can begin to see why the customer discovery process is important. But how do you go out and find those initial customers? For many, this seems to be the impossible part of the process. Almost all of the sales training that is delivered is focused on identifying wider markets and huge swaths of faceless customers, not the individual, passionate customer.Blank has developed a p rocess that businesses can use to implement customer discovery. It does not include anonymous surveys or focus groups. Instead, it involves taking a measured approach to discovering customers that can be broken down into four main stages:Stage 1: State Your HypothesesYour hypotheses is part of the vision of your whole business. Hypotheses are a summary of all the things that you already believe about your market, the problem and your solution to the problem.You need to have formalized predictions in your business plan. These predictions must be in writing. Having these predictions documented is helpful because it is practical. When they are written down, it is far easier to adjust them upon further research.This practicality also offers psychological benefits. It is easier to avoid readjusting your hypotheses as you work. When you do this, it is harder to keep up with changes. Not writing them down can also lead to unsuccessful testing.Being able to pivot and change during Customer Discovery and further steps of Customer Development Model is essential. But these changes need to be made in controlled settings based on real information. Making changes on the fly is often the result of inferences. Inferences are just different predictions. You need to wait until you have the whole story before you start making changes. This prevents confusion and offers more reliable results.After you have settled on preliminary predictions, you need to develop potential customer segments. Once you have your customer segments, you can create a contact list of customers.Once you have found potential customers, you should reach out to them. You will do this in the next step when you test your model.However, to proceed to your next step, you need to make sure that your hypotheses are testable. To make your theories as testable as possible, you need to make sure your information is very specific. The more specific it is, the easier it will be to determine whether it is true, false or somewhere in between. To make sure that your information is specific, use exact numbers and exact problems.Stage 2: Testing Your ModelYou want to make sure that you are testing your hypothesis as quickly as possible after it is formed. Depending on your market, customers, products and trends may move very quickly. If you wait too long between developing your initial ideas and testing them, the market may have moved on. This can lead to you missing out. Testing quickly also helps ensure that you are getting your products to your customers faster. This is the ultimate goal of a start-up.You can use your own network to make your first contacts. You might want to contact your friends, people who you have worked with before, potential investors or fellow professionals in your field. All of these people might be potential customers. As such, they are the ideal people to test your hypothesis on.You will then create what Blank calls a “problem presentation”. A problem presentation is a presentation that is based on the problem that is outlined in your hypothesis. This presentation should not be highlighting your solution to the alleged problem. It is designed to focus in on the problem itself.The information that you can get about your problem is very valuable to your solution. The feedback you get will tell you specific details about the problem, including how important the problem is to your customers. This is important because the more pain that people have from their problem, the more they will pay for a good solution.The goal of the problem presentation is not to tell everyone about your amazing product and encourage them to buy it. The focus must be solely on learning. Without this focus, the testing results will be skewed and won’t help you develop the right product for the right market.You will then gain better customer understanding and market knowledge. When you have more knowledge about the customers’ problem, you can ask leading questions around t heir problem. For example, you can ask about how they currently deal with the problem and how well the temporary solution works.In addition to reaching out to potential customers, you should also be reaching out to the wider industry to see what others are doing. You will need to know who your competitors are and what they are doing. You will want to know what companies or individuals have influence in your market. You will also want to know what trends are currently happening in the market.Once you have all of this information, you will be able to come up with the Blanks “problem statement”. This may reflect your initial hypothesis but ideally it will be far more specific.Stage 3: Testing the ProductNow that you have learned more about your customers and their problems, you can begin to test your solution. This is something that you can do only after you have a firm understanding of the problem, the customer and the market. Without this information, the information you learn te sting your product will mean little. The Customer Development Model is all about putting your solution in its wider context.You will then test your model again with a presentation of your product. This presentation will not be for your customers. Instead, you will use this time to share all of the information you have gathered with the product team. As a team, you can use this information to consider how the product itself will support the customer and the problem statement.This is the part of customer discovery where things begin to become iterative. You may find that your product as it stands does not fit within the market that you are trying to enter. As a result, you will need to make a decision about whether minor or fundamental changes need to be made to the product.If your product is a good fit for the market generally but requires changes, you can reconsider certain features of the product. Once you have made these changes, you will need to present the product a second time to validate the changes and measure the success of the changes against the customer problem.If you realize that there are fundamental issues with your product when compared to the customers you have identified, you may need to begin again and identify a new market.Once you have presented the original product, and possibly the modified product, you will have gathered enough data to be able to begin putting together several key parts of your business. You will need the following four documents in order to move into the final step of customer discovery:Your sales revenue planYour business planYour product planYour product requirement documentStage 4: Verify Your Model and Moving ForwardIn the final stage of the customer discovery process, you will compare the information that you learned in the previous two stages.The result of this comparison will tell you one of three things. Either you will be ready to move forward to customer validation or you will need to iterate this process. In some cases, you may find that you need to stop work altogether.After you have looked at all of the data that you have gathered earlier in the process, you should find that you can identify the following three things:The Problem:You should be able to identify the problem that customers have. You should also know how important that problem is to your customers. If you are unsure of the problem or of the customer pain, you will need to begin again.The Product:You should be able to come up with a summary of the information that you got from customers about your product concept. By the end of the customer discovery phase, you need to know if the solution you offer actually solves your customers’ problem.If your product does not solve you customers’ problem, you can review and iterate your product.The Business Model:You should also be able to pull together enough information to create a solid business model for your product. The information that you have gathered from customers, the m arket and your product team should help inform you of the following key components of the business model:Sales processPriceDeliveryService requirementsPartnersCustomer relationshipsAny costs associated with maintaining partners and acquiring customersCONCLUSIONAt the end of these four stages, you will find that you are either ready to move on to the second part of the Customer Development Model. Alternatively, you may also have to start all over again. In order to make the most of the customer discovery process, you need to be willing to be wrong. There is no point in moving forward with the process if you know that you are forcing your solution into a market that has no room for it. If you cannot come up with real answers that can be reflected in a real business model, you are not ready to move forward.In the next step of the Customer Development Model, you will take all of the information that you have learned in customer discovery and validate it.

Criminal Justice What Does it Mean to Provide Justice

What does it mean to provide justice? Criminal justice is a term that is often used to describe topics such as the procedure by which criminal conduct is investigated, charges brought, arrests made, evidence gathered, trials conducted, sentences rendered and punishment carried out. The â€Å"British philosopher and statesman Benjamin Disraeli (1804–1881) defined justice as â€Å"truth in action.† A popular dictionary defines it as â€Å"the principle of moral rightness, or conformity to truth (Schmalleger F., 2013).† Justices is the process of making those who have been wronged whole. It is the process of giving the victims the relief, that the wrong doer is being punished for their unlawful actions. Was justice applied in the scenario discussed Dale and Mike Parak case, the answer is both yes and no (Schmalleger F., 2013). Yes, because Dale did commit a crime when he choose to use the 38-caliber revolver to complete the suicide. Mike did not agree to death by gun so there for this is an act against his will. Both participates agree to death by tranquilizers neither Mike nor Dale gave consent to use a gun. No, because the charges that where filed against Dale where incorrect (in my opinion). The charges where elements for 1st-degree, premeditated murder are 1) the unlawful killing; 2) with malice aforethought; 3) of another human being. The element that must be present to charge one with 1st-degree is when one kills an individual without lawful justification. â€Å"In order to convict ofShow MoreRelatedEye For An Eye Is The Best Way Of Dealing With Criminal Behavior856 Words   |  4 Pagesdespite the existence of law. However, someone may ask what is the best way of dealing with criminal behavior? Should the society embrace the concept of â€Å"an eye for an eye† or â€Å"get to the root† of the problem, or just simply to focus on and assist the victim (Schmalleger Smykla, 2012 pg. 12)? Many studies conducted by crimin al justice scholars in line with this debate point towards punishment to crimes committed as the most acceptable means of dealing with an injustice for most societies. HoweverRead MoreThe Evolution Of Crime And Our Criminal Justice System960 Words   |  4 PagesThe evolution of crime and our criminal justice system over the past centuries has mirrored societal change. Gone are the days when one might get their hand cut off for stealing, or stoned to death for an act against the society, and in are cyber-crimes, identify theft and other twenty-first century misdeeds. Along with this evolution, an often forgotten element in the criminal justice process, the victim, began making its way into the spotlight. Although there have always been victims present inRead MoreOrganizational Effectivness1211 Words   |  5 PagesEffectiveness Rita Goforth March 10, 2014 CJA/474 Professor Mathew Workman Introduction Organizational effectiveness can mean many things for different organizations, from making sales to managing employees and even time and data management. Within the criminal justice organization it is much more important than just making sure the criminal justice agency is merely operating properly. Achieving and maintaining efficient productivity, performance values, and efficiency are crucial inRead More The Justice System Essay1352 Words   |  6 PagesThe Justice System Looking into criminal justice procedure, many administrations are at work. Starting with the police, to the courts and concluding in corrections. Though all these sectors have different tasks, their combined focus is processing the law. Regardless what the process is called criminal justice will continue to serve with discretion, conviction, and correction. When first presented with the question whether criminal justice is a system, non-system, and network I leaned toward aRead MoreCriminal Justice Essay985 Words   |  4 PagesCriminal Justice Essay Jeremy Hanes CJA/204 10 June2013 Erica Veljic In today’s society crime is increasing every day and the types of crime are changing. It seems more and more that crimes of identity theft and organized crime are on the rise. According to the CJi Interactive Media crime is defined as â€Å" conduct in violation of the criminal laws of the state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction, for which there is no legally acceptable justificationRead MoreWhy The Criminal Justice System Is Responsible For Assisting The Law And Order1522 Words   |  7 PagesIn this essay it will first define what the criminal justice system is, which will ultimately help shape the understanding of the system and how it operates. In order to address this, it will look in detail at variety of different sources such as NewBurn (2013) who covers critically on this. This will evidently provide an ease of understanding for showing if the criminal justice system is fair, effective and efficient and whether or not it requires amending. Firstly, it is important to acknowledgeRead MoreImportance of College Education in the Field of Criminal Justice656 Words   |  3 Pagesof College Education in Criminal Justice Field: The criminal justice field has careers that provide an individual with great rewards and significant opportunities to an extent that the profession is considered as one with the bright spots in employment. Even though education in this field has had a checkered history and past, it probably has a bright future because of the increased quest for quality in criminal justice education. In the past few years, the criminal justice field has been characterizedRead MoreSocrates And His Views Of Justice1656 Words   |  7 PagesGottlieb 10/8/14 Socrates and His Views of Justice In Plato’s The Republic, there are several accounts of justice that are presented throughout the dialogue, especially in Book I. One of these accounts is presented by Socrates, in which he believes that justice is not harming anyone under any circumstances. Socrates first presents this argument when he questions if it is just to treat anyone badly (335b). Polemarchus, based on his account of justice – in which justice is treating friends well and harmingRead MoreEffectiveness of the Criminal Trial Process as a Means of Achieving Justice977 Words   |  4 PagesThe effectiveness of the criminal trial process as a means of achieving justice The criminal trial process aims to provide justice for all those involved, while it succeeds in the majority of cases, it effectiveness is influenced and reduced by certain factors. These include the legal representation involved in a case and the availability of legal aid, the capacity of the jury assessing the trial, the credibility of scientific evidence and the impact of social media on the trial process. Due toRead MoreMurder On The Orient Express1307 Words   |  6 PagesCorrelating crime to its appropriate punishment often differentiates based on the crime committed and impacts felt by those affected. Criminals are not always fully punished and on occasion are able to escape persecution without receiving any measurable punishment. A theme of justice connects punishment and crime in Agatha Christie’s detective novel, Murder on the Orient Express. Set on a snow-trapped train, Christie tells the story of detective Hercule Poirot’s work to determine who murdered Mr

How to Write Research Brief - 1222 Words

HOW TO WRITE A RESEARCH BRIEF BPRI Guidelines CONTENTS Introduction What information should I include? – Background to the project – Business and Research Objectives – Target audience – Approach – Deliverables – Timings – Budget – Project Team – Next Steps INTRODUCTION This document has been produced by BPRI to help clients write effective briefs for research agencies – We have developed this in response to a number of requests we have received from clients for advice. There is no right or wrong way to write a research brief; however, following these guidelines will help to ensure: – You as the client have a clear view of what is needed from the research – Internal parties have a clear view of what the research can†¦show more content†¦What does success look like? – Would a presentation or debrief workshop be the most useful way of disseminating findings? – Will you need a series of presentations for different audiences? – Will you require an interim debrief or an executive summary? – Do you need feedback in a very succinct format to facilitate a quick decision? – Do you require any specific outputs – e.g. multiple printed copies of presentations/reports, data tabulations, SPSS data files, an online portal to host the deliverables? The BPRI Group 9 WHEN DOES THIS NEED TO HAPPEN? One of the most important factors to include in the research brief is timings. When are interim and/or final results required? Do you need to meet key internal or external deadlines? Are these fixed? – this can influence choice of methodology/approach and sample sizes – It has a major bearing on reporting formats – It also allows the agency to assess capacity and their ability to resource the project effectively – Clients should be aware that complex studies, particularly those involving international markets require several days turn-around time for proposal design and cost estimates. If in doubt, ask your agency for advice. The BPRI Group 10 WHAT IS YOUR BUDGET? Most agencies prefer that clients give some indication of budget so that a research programme can be designed within that budget range – ThisShow MoreRelatedMBA Student Essay1180 Words   |  5 PagesCase 1Reporting evidence from business and management research , Katie is working in her local NHS hospital on a six-month internship.,During her time there, the hospital plans the introduction of what they call a Leadership at all Levels programme. All staff are to be encouraged to act as leaders, and Katie is asked to write a report for her manager setmakes a special point of telling Katie that the hospital wants to make its introduction evidencebased. This means, he explains, thatRead MoreUs History Before 1877 Essay886 Words   |  4 Pageshave done that fill out the form provided and turn it in to the librarian. Step 3 – Locating a book. Find a book on U.S. History before 1877. List all of the steps you took to locate that book. Write down the library of Congress number from the book. Write a short paragraph describing the book. Just a brief statement telling me what the book is about. You are NOT required to read the book. (5 points) In your my star account go the â€Å"Library† tab. Then click on the Quest icon. Once you are in questRead MoreLegal Methods, Research And Writing Essay1433 Words   |  6 Pagesstudying or practicing the profession Legal methods, research and writing is a major necessity for those in the legal field. It is nearly impossible to study or practice law without the basic knowledge of legal methods, research and writing. This essay examines the importance of Legal methods, research and whether in school or outside in the legal profession. The first reason we need legal methods, research and writing is that it will help us to write essays well and helps students to answer questionsRead MoreMc Donal1102 Words   |  5 PagesMarketing research is systematic problem analysis, model building and fact-finding for the purpose of improved decision-king and control in the marketing of goods and services. Philip Kotler Marketing research is to help the company to analyze detailed information about their customers in order to know their market need, size and competition. Through marketing research, companies can analyze the change in the market, customer behavior, buying pattern, the company’s preference, customer satisfactionRead MoreThe Humanities Of Arts Management964 Words   |  4 Pageseducation of the arts management in the US. The aim of the paper is to examine the research paper, â€Å"The MFA in Arts Management† (Rosenstein, 2013) to understand the arts management’s condition in American education. Furthermore, through this paper, I may understand how hard I need to work in this discipline and find the academic writing in the field. Following, I will introduce Swales and Feak’s (2012) moves, summarize the research paper, and discuss the writing skill, including structure and style, in theRead MoreApa Formal Research Paper1237 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: APA Formal Research Paper Include a running header (a short title of your paper) only on the title page Type as: Running head: TITLE IN ALL CAPS All additional pages should just have the short title without the phrase Running head Center the title The long title of your paper should include the main idea and scope of your paper The title should be typed in 12 point Times font Do not bold, underline, or italicize the title How to Format a Formal Research Paper Using the APA CitationRead MoreResearch Questions On Research And Research Essay918 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Basics 1. Explain in order from 1 to 6 the steps in the process of research. 1. Identify the Research Problem – Specify a problem; justify a problem and suggest a need to study the problem for audiences (Creswell). 2. Review the literature- Locate resources, i.e.; books, journals, electronic resources; select resources-determine the relevant resources for the topic; organize; Summarize the resources in a literature review (Creswell). 3. Specify a Research Purpose – Identify the purpose statement-theRead MoreSample Essay1236 Words   |  5 PagesSample Essay on FINANCE: How to calculate the return on an investment (ROI) Research Paper Example of Research Paper, Sample essay Without calculating the return on an investment (ROI) is not possible to realize any marketing activity and be sure not to loose capital investments. It is essential for making one’s marketing activity more effective and uniquely productive. ROI can be expressed for different time periods: one year, one month, one week, one day. This makes it a necessary objective analystRead MoreThe Use Of Adaptive Pressure On Our Memory1485 Words   |  6 Pagesquestions have all been considered, however, the role of adaptive pressures on our memory, have just began to be studied further by memory researchers. Scholars have attempted to study how our current memory processing capabilities could have been tailored to achieve specific outcomes from our instinctual past. This research could be a window into empirical findings that may challenge existing perspectives on retention. Possibly, even help foster creative memory mnemonics that could assist us in our dailyRead MoreInternet Marketing12 91 Words   |  6 PagesHND in Business Unit 30: Internet Marketing Unit code: D/601/1102 Assignment Brief LEARNING OUTCOMES On successful completion of this unit a learner will: 1 Understand marketing through the internet 2 Be able to use the internet for promotion using digital marketing communications 3 Be able to produce market research to support customer relationship management 4 Be able to design an internet marketing plan. |Learning outcomes: |Assessment criteria for pass:

Autocratic Style Of Leadership Education Essay Free Essays

string(60) " with the premise that it is possible for everyone to take\." Leadership is the procedure of act uponing others to work volitionally towards an organisations end and to their best of their capablenesss. The kernel of Leadership is followership. In other words, it is the willingness of people to follow that makes a individual a Leader. We will write a custom essay sample on Autocratic Style Of Leadership Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is of import to the success of any group, although the nature and manner of Leadership needed in one status may differ well from that needed in another. Leadership is important in actuating and animating the work force. Some of the Leadership manners chosen are Autocratic, Democratic, Laissez-Faire and Paternalistic. 2.2.1 Autocratic manner of Leadership Autocratic manner is besides known as the autocratic manner of Leadership. In such a manner, determination devising is centralized in the manus of the Leader himself, who does non promote engagement by subsidiaries. Indeed subordinates thoughts might be actively discourage and obeisance to orders would be expected from them. Wise leaders maintain the usage of bossy methods to a lower limit as they know this attack closes the door to communications with the group they control ( Norman, S and Vigor, H 1991 ) . This manner of Leadership can be used at school particularly when the Administrators do non anticipate any feedback or justification ; that is one manner communicating is used. This can be used for illustration in a formal meeting with the Educator. 2.2.2 Democratic manner of Leadership Under this manner, leaders consult the group and beg their sentiment and engagement in determination devising procedure ( Sheikh 1999, p.145 ) . The democratic manner of Leadership is more appropriate in about all state of affairss in the school. Covering with people is the most ambitious undertaking to be done. Thus Administrators can follow this manner to obtain feedback of pupils and besides welcome suggestion for the best of the pupil. In the category the Educator can follow this manner to be certain that everyone has good understood the category delivered to them. In this manner Educator will cognize whether they have succeeded in their undertaking or non. 2.2.3 Individualistic manner of Leadership The individualistic manner is besides known as the free rein manner of Leadership. This manner may work efficaciously when the subsidiaries are extremely competent, able to exert self-denial and can hold the capacity to take determination ( Sheikh 1999, p.146 ) . Individualistic manner can be used when there is any event which is organized. The function of the Educator is to put their mark and leave the pupil on their ain to finish the work. Bing motivated in an event the pupil will probably to execute good in doing the readyings. 2.2.4 Paternalistic manner of Leadership The paternalistic Style of Leadership can be helpful if it used at school. The Educator already acts as a â€Å" Father † or â€Å" Mother † for the pupil. Some pupil is even more at easiness to discourse any issue with their Educator alternatively of their ain parents. This is due to the fact that about all parents work today and the pupil find merely the Educator to whom they can show their positions, feelings and sentiments. The Administrators can besides follow this manner with the Staff of the school. This will promote the Educator to work more assurance. Knowing that they are trusted, the Educator will be more motivated to work and will therefore give their best in their work. 2.3 Administrator as an effectual Leader Leadership is portion of good direction. A Manager with a acute sense of concern and an first-class cognition of planning, commanding and forming must be a strong Leader, although if his cognition is to be of any usage. The Manager seeks to see a Leader, it is of import that he understands the qualities, attitudes, behaviour and other ingredients that contribute to Leadership. Leadership is a procedure by which a individual influences others to carry through an nonsubjective and directs the organisation in a manner that makes it more cohesive and coherent. Harmonizing to Northouse ‘s ( 2010 ) Leadership is a procedure whereby an single influences a group of persons to accomplish a common end. In this position the Administrators needs to work together with the Staff in order to accomplish the purpose and aim of the school. The common end of Administrator and Educator for the school should be the success of pupils in their instruction. Peretomode ( 1991 quoted by Sharma, S 2011 ) stated that the importance of Leadership in school for achievement of school plans, aims and attainment of educational ends. Without a proper school Leadership the purpose of doing larning a success will non be possible. The administrative competences can be measured from assorted dimensions ; from the perceptual experiences of pupils, Educators, parents, communities the instruction and non-Teaching-Staff. 2.3.1 Poor Leadership If a Manager has hapless leading accomplishments, his subsidiaries will still make the occupation but in an inefficient manner. A hapless Leader will frequently neglect to win over his staff and will hold jobs in pass oning with the Staff efficaciously. A Leader demand to hold a certain upbringing, instruction and a â€Å" chopper † factor significance that he should hold the ability to lift above a peculiar state of affairs and to analyse it objectively. 2.3.2 Can Leadership be taught? Peter Drucker ( 1954 quoted by D’Alessio F.A 2006 ) presented a sound outline: â€Å" Leadership is of extreme importance. Indeed there is no replacement for it. But Leadership can non be created or promoted. It can non be taught or learned. † Nowadays positions differ on this issue. History has legion ordinary people who after holding studied become great Leaderships for illustration Mahatma Gandhi. This is a ground why there is a great support on the positions that Leader can be trained to follow the cardinal property of good Leadership. Peoples can go good Leader through acquisition and preparation. How can Leader be born in this grim universe of today, where everything alterations every twenty-four hours? It is more productive to get down with the premise that it is possible for everyone to take. You read "Autocratic Style Of Leadership Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" Everyone is a Leader in his ain and in whatever he does because each one has his ain manner of sing and making things. â€Å" Leadership and larning are indispensable to each other † . ( John F. Kennedy ) 2.3.3 Culture and Leader The clime is the feel of the organisation, the person and shared perceptual experiences and attitudes of the organisation ‘s members ( Ivancevich, Konopaske, Matteson, 2007 cited by UK essay. Case Study of Opito Organizational Management And Leadership. ) . The clime represents the beliefs about how the Staff feels at school. If the Staff is at easiness with the manner the school maps along with the manner of Leadership being adopted, this will finally take to Motivation of Staff. The pupils and the Staff of a school spend most of their clip in the school premises. Thus the clime should be adaptable to the pupils every bit good as the Staff for larning procedure to be successful. The ambiance should be enrapturing. 2.4 Educator as a Leader In category the Educator is the exclusive Leader. The Educator needs to be able to set up a positive civilization and environment in order to do the instruction of the category becomes successful. As reported by Koutsoulis ( 2003, cited by Krishnaveni. R and Anitha. J. , 2007 ) , pupils demand a humanistic attack, effectual communicating accomplishments of the instructor, better apprehension towards them, every bit good as ability to command the schoolroom. Educator need to hold good attitudes, communicating accomplishments, persuasive attitude and should be able to switch from a friendly attack to a more terrible attack as and when required. †It is the supreme art of the Educator to rouse joy in originative look and cognition † ( Albert Einstein, scientist ) . Educator need to supervise and measure each pupil ‘s public presentation to cognize what can be done for a better betterment. Every Educator has legion chances to act upon the environment in which he or she works. A research by Muijs ( 2003 cited by Chen 2007 ) said Leadership means the capacity for Educators to exert Leadership for learning and larning within and beyond the schoolroom. Each Educator should come to cognize the pupils profoundly and to understand their backgrounds, their involvements, their penchants in acquisition, and their household configurations. Furthermore Administrators need to give Educators chances to execute professionally so that they can comprehend their functions as of import. Educators need to be emotionally strong in covering with pupils. Educators should anticipate different attack as pupils are from different background. Bing A-Level pupils, they do non hold the adulthood yet to make up one’s mind of whether they are right or incorrect in their actions or in what they say. 2.5 Instructional Leader Effective Instructional Leaderships are intensely involved in curricular and instructional issues that straight affect pupil accomplishment ( Cotton, 2003 cited by Reading First Notebook ) . Leaderships can non pretermit other responsibilities, learning and larning should be the country where most of the Leaders ‘ scheduled clip is allocated. Instructional Leadership requires Administrators to liberate themselves of bureaucratic undertakings and concentrate their attempts on bettering instruction and acquisition. Instructional betterment is an of import end, a end worth seeking, and a end that, when implemented, allows both pupils and Educators to do a more meaningful learning environment. Blase and Blase ( 2000 quoted by Phillips J.A ) cite specific behaviours of Instructional Leadership, such as doing suggestions, giving feedback, patterning effectual direction, beging sentiments, back uping coaction, supplying professional development chances, and giving congratulations for effectual instruction. Instructional is more at the administrative degree. In short, Instructional Leaderships are those actions that a chief takes, or delegates to others, to advance growing in pupil acquisition ( Flath, 1989 quoted by Phillips J.A ) . The principal must possess certain accomplishments to transport out the undertakings of an Instructional Leader: interpersonal accomplishments ; be aftering accomplishments ; instructional observation accomplishments ; and research and rating accomplishments ( Lashway, 2002 quoted by Phillips J.A ) . There should be a good relation between the Administrators and the pupils. Instructional Leaderships need to cognize what is traveling on in the schoolroom. Without this cognition, they are unable to appreciate some of the jobs Educators and pupils brush. The Administrators need to follow up the undertaking of Educators by inquiring inquiries, sing schoolrooms, and reexamining subsequent informations to vouch instructional alterations are happening and advancement is being made. Furthermore, with the turning imp ortance of engineering in schools, Administrators besides need to be equipped with the cognition of engineering integrating in instruction and acquisition. In add-on to that they are responsible for guaranting that the Educators receive the counsel they require. 2.6 Transformational Leadership Transformational Leadership is a procedure that alterations and transforms persons ( Northouse, 2001 quoted by Almansour, Y.M. , 2012, p.162 ) . This means that Transformational Leadership is the ability to acquire people to alter, to better, and to be led. If the Rector and Deputy Rector are Transformational Leaders the Educators will be more divine to work. Harmonizing to Carlson ( 1996 cited by Ibrahim A.S A ; Al-Taneji, S. , 2012, p43 ) , Transformational Leader entails traveling people to a common vision by constructing trust and authorization. With this trust and authorization Educators will be more motivated to work in the involvement of the pupil, which is giving them a better learning civilization. Educators can therefore convey in their ain invention in the manner they deliver the acquisition method in the category. This can be done through the usage of power point presentation, relevant stuffs such as articles, books, press releases, magazines, newspaper and even the usag e of image, drawings and exposure when it is possible to make so. By coming in category and merely reading throughout the whole category will ne’er be a benefit to the pupil and the Educator will non even be able to hold on the full attending of pupil in this manner of educating. Thus the disposal should concentrate on offering engineering installations for the Educator to be able to go more advanced. Bass ( 1990 quoted by Rollinson D. , 2005, p.377 ) Transformational leader requires the leader to hold a vision of what needs to be done to get by with the state of affairs, the ability to pass on this vision to followings and the capableness to energies or animate them to alter their current manner of making things. As articulated by Bass ( 1985 cited by Ibrahim A.S A ; Al-Taneji, S. , 2012, p43 ) , four factors characterize the behaviour of Transformational Leader and they are: Figure 3: Behavior of Transformational Leaderships Individual Consideration is more about Leader giving support, taking attention, understanding and gives encouragement to others. This will profit the Educator if the administrative adopt such attitude. Intellectual Stimulation is to promote being more advanced and originative. The Leader of the school can therefore advance critical thought and job resolution for the Educator to make their work more expeditiously. Inspirational Motivation is that Leader motivated their followings to make the vision set. Thus the Rector and Deputy Rector need to actuate the Educator for larning procedure to be promoted. In this factor Leader has high outlook on the followings. Idealized Influence is a Leader who is an model function theoretical account. By being a function theoretical account for the Teaching-Staff, the Administrators will be trusted and respected in the determination devising. 2.7 Motivation Having a extremely motivated Staff it is the pupil who will profit more about this. The Educator will non waver to give their best when they are motivated. Without Motivation pupil will non be willing to larn and they will happen it tiring. It is of import that the Educator makes acquisition interested for the pupil to be motivated. Educators on their side demand to be motivated to go better Educators. Last but non the least the Administrators need to guarantee themselves that the school keeps on bettering. Participative Administrators require a civilization and manner that are unfastened and flexible to be able to react to the demands and endowments of single Staff. Frankincense Leaderships need to maintain Educators motivated for the Educators to actuate the pupil to larn. This shows that there is a rhythm on the Motivation at different degree of the hierarchy in on order to do learning procedure easier. This rhythm of Motivation is illustrated below. Figure 4: Cycle of Motivation 2.8 Types of Motivation Motivation at plants operates in two ways: the Intrinsic Motivation and Extrinsic Motivation. Intrinsic Motivation is more about the motive that comes within an single and Extrinsic Motivation is about factor which comes from outside an single. Extrinsic motive is easier to understand ; it consists of desire for a touchable wages. Harmonizing to Armstrong ( 1996 p. 299 ) Intrinsic Motivation is when people can actuate themselves by seeking, happening and transporting out work ( or being given work ) which satisfies their demands or at least leads them to anticipate that their ends will be achieved. Furthermore Armstrong ( 2002 p.56 ) elaborated that the Intrinsic Motivation factors include duty ( experiencing that the work is of import and holding control over one ‘s resources ) , freedom to move, range to utilize develop accomplishments and abilities, interesting and disputing work, and chances for promotion and growing. When a staff is per se motivated they will experience an involvement and will bask their work. Educators which are deciding in his work will probably present good instruction to the pupils. The intrinsic incentives, which are concerned with ‘quality of working life ‘ ( a phrase and motion which emerged from this construct ) , are likely to hold a deeper and long-run conseque nce because they are built-in in persons and non imposed from outside ( Armstrong 1996 p. 299 ) . Extrinsic Motivation is when people can be motivated by direction through such methods as wage, publicity and congratulations ( Armstrong 2002 p.56 ) . Extrinsic Motivation includes wagess, such as increased wage, congratulations or publicity and penalties such as disciplinary action with keeping wage or unfavorable judgment ( Armstrong 1996 p. 299 ) . Whenever an Educator has excelled in his undertaking he needs to be appraised by the Administrators. This will convey more motive when an Educator is rewarded when the latter has work good and with this the 4th demand harmonizing to Maslow Hierarchy of demands will be achieved that is the Esteem needs which include accomplishment, position and acknowledgment. Extrinsic Motivation has an impact on single in a short term period merely. However Administrators need to concentrate more on the intrinsic motive of Educator in order for the Educator to stay motivated on a longer clip footing. 2.9 Approachs to Motivation 2.9.1 Behavioral Approach Behaviorism is chiefly concerned with discernible behaviour, as opposed to internal events like thought and emotion ( McLeod, S 2007 ) . Behavioral is to detect any alterations in the behaviour. The Rector can follow this attack specially after giving direction or guideline to the Educator for a better acquisition procedure of the pupil. Harmonizing to Armstrong ( 2002 p. 57 ) behaviourists are interested merely in the external factors that straight influence behaviour and they believe that larning takes topographic point chiefly through the procedures of positive and negative support. The conceptualisation of larning utilizing this attack could be considered â€Å" superficial † as the focal point is on external alterations in behaviour that is non interested in the internal procedures of larning taking to behavior alteration and has no topographic point for the emotions involved the procedure ( Wikipedia ) . 2.9.2 Humanist Approach This attack focuses on acknowledging human capablenesss in countries such as creativeness, personal growing and pick ( Memiah Ltd, 2012 ) . This attack sees the positive nature of homo being which allows one ‘s fulfilment and potency. The highest round on Abraham Maslow ‘s ladder of human motivations is the demand for self-actualization of people which consist of: Awareness and credence of themselves, openness and spontaneousness, the ability to bask work and see work as a mission to carry through, the ability to develop close friendly relationships without being overly dependant on other people, a good sense of wit and the inclination to hold peak experiences that are spiritually or emotionally hearty. ( Spark Notes LLC 2012 ) . 2.9.3 Cognitive Approach The cognitive attack organisations accelerate the acquisition that takes topographic point by developing their apprehension of larning and by taking stairss which expedite the procedure ( Boolaky M and Gokhool D. , 2011 p.82 ) . Cognitive theory can be more utile to director that needs theory because it provides more realistic counsel on motive techniques ( Armstrong 2002 ) . Harmonizing to Cole ( 1998 cited by Boolaky M and Gokhool D. , 2011 p.82 ) the cognitive attack is doing sense of issues and state of affairss, of developing insight and understanding and of seeing forms in their environment. Educator following this attack can assist more in decision-making. With a better understanding Educator is likely to take the right determination at the right clip. 2.10 Importance of Educators ‘ Motivation The Educators ‘ Motivation is a key for effectual acquisition to take topographic point. One facet of motive, likely the hardest to alter, lies in the personality of the instructor ( Eggleton P.J ) . The chief aim of the school is the success of the pupil and for this aim to be met Educator need to be motivated to supply an efficient acquisition procedure to the pupil. To be able to learn the pupil Educator demand to possess a good cognition. Furthermore, to keep a category good Educator need to utilize some humoristic attack in order to hike up the motive on pupil and the Educator in return will besides be motivated to work. Besides, when Educators are motivated they will convey in personal technique to heighten pupil larning such as engineerings as the Educator has a great impact on the scholars. We frequently see pupils ‘ motive reflected in personal investing and in cognitive, emotional, and behavioural battle in school activities ( Fredricks, Blumenfeld, A ; Paris, 2004 ; Maehr A ; Meyer, 2004 ; Reeve, 2006 cited by Ormrod 2008 ) . 2.11 Factors act uponing Educators ‘ Motivation There are several factors that can act upon the Educators ‘ Motivation which are: A good environment demands to predominate in the school. The school needs to possess the needed equipment and stuffs so that the Educator can let the category to work efficaciously. Recognition and feedback of Educators when they put in excess attempt for their pupil. Educators know that they will hold support in times of trouble. Administrators need to affect Educator in determination devising. Staff ‘s sharing of thoughts is encouraged by the Administrators. Staff turnover: A low staff turnover will intend that Educator is happy with his work. Encourage Educator to take portion in extra-curricular activities. A sense of trust worthy reins amongst the Educators. 2.12 Decision Based on the expressions of the theoreticians, Leadership and Motivation were viewed in different angle. This will finally assist in the analysis portion of the survey to place what can be done to increase the Motivation degree at ICC-FVI. How to cite Autocratic Style Of Leadership Education Essay, Essay examples

Michael Porter Theory free essay sample

Literature Review on What Is Strategy BY khem123 Introduction: Strategy and management is one of the prominent and most discussed topic in the organization and business studies. Organizations today are challenged by many factors both internal and external and need to effectively address such, which makes only possible by the organization effective leader and their strategic view to overcome and take their company into profitable, competitive, innovative and change. Further, the shift of organization from being local onto global and so the factors of ross-cultural, internationalization cross-disciplinary knowledge of geo-economy, politics, business, market, volatile competition, wide range of customer, and other globalization factors brings further complexity and encounters, hence urgency of more robust leadership, strategy and creative approaches is at forefront than anytime in the history; to struggle and compete this dynamic challenges. In the Michael Porter (1996) literature What is strategy; one of the concept of the organization strategy can be understood as being different from the competitors nd so with the different end outcome and added value to the organization as a long- term advantages. We will write a custom essay sample on Michael Porter Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It means that, an industry or organization could be operated in a different way than its competitor, which will allow to achieve long-term value creation. In other words; strategy can be understood as, what are the organization unique positions in order to achieve organizational effectiveness, and competitive advantages at the end of the day. The author argues that; strategy can significantly be divided in a wider way of doing things. As a competitive way of thinking, industry has its own-target area and ways of doing the business, for example; defined vision and goals, particular business activities, objectives, niche customer, differentiated product or service, market segments, key technological drivers, different approach on marketing, and so forth. Also each company has its own rivals, key market presences and targeted economic outcome. However, every company is seeking for the unique ideas and plans to stay in the market for the longer period, to achieve strong conomy and become one of the competitive in its industry frame. This will help to achieve greater value to the industry. The basic notion of the strategy here is; it is a set of systematically planned actions that takes time out for a particular purpose on, how companies are going to be unique, achieve competitive advantages and sustain over longer span of time. This is the core essence of organization strategy. Strategy in relation to operational effectiveness; it is important to be stay ahead from the competitor and aggressively gain the efficiencies. However; competitor may act uickly with such manner to stay long term in the market. An organization may have chosen different area to stay in frontier from the rivals and putting more effort and superior performance to achieve goals. Such as deliver value to customers, comparable value at lower cost, creating activities to produce, sell and deliver of product and service, training employees, calling to customer, assembling final products etc. ; hence, the value created by these activities will help organization to lead than the rivals, and so company can performance better than its counter

Quotes From Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov

Quotes From 'Lolita' by Vladimir Nabokov Lolita, a controversial novel by Russian author  Vladimir Nabokov, was first published in 1955. The work centers around Humbert Humbert, a pedophile. Despite its controversial subject, Modern Library called Lolita one of the best novels of the 20th century.  Elizabeth Janeway, reviewing the book for The New York Times in 1958,  called it  one of the funniest and one of the saddest books shed ever read. The quotes below illustrate Janeways point. Illicit Desire Over the years, many critics have praised the beauty of the language in the novel, while voicing distress over the monstrous subject matter. The book, according to NPR, offers a depiction of love that is as patently original as it is brutally shocking.   Lolita, light of my life, fire of my loins. My sin, my soul. Lo-lee-ta: the tip of the tongue taking a trip of three steps down the palate to tap, at three, on the teeth. Lo. Lee. Ta. She was Lo, plain Lo, in the morning, standing four feet ten in one sock. She was Lola in slacks. She was Dolly at school. She was Dolores on the dotted line. But in my arms, she was always Lolita. - Part One,  Chapter 1There, on the soft sand, a few feet away from our elders, we would sprawl all morning, in a petrified paroxysm of desire, and take advantage of every blessed quirk in space and time to touch each other: her hand, half-hidden in the sand, would creep toward me, its slender brown fingers sleepwalking nearer and nearer; then, her opalescent knee would start on a long cautious journey; sometimes a chance rampart built by younger children granted us sufficient concealment to graze each others salty lips; these incomplete contacts drove our healthy and inexperienced young bodies to such a st ate of exasperation that not even the cold blue water, under which we still clawed at each other, could bring relief. - Part One,  Chapter 3 When I try to analyze my own cravings, motives, actions and so forth, I surrender to a sort of retrospective imagination which feeds the analytic faculty with boundless alternatives and which causes each visualized route to fork and re-fork without end in the maddeningly complex prospect of my past. - Part One,  Chapter 4 Imagery Nabokov revered words and believed that the proper language could elevate any material to the level of art, according to SparkNotes. In Lolita, language effectively triumphs over shocking content and gives it shades of beauty that perhaps it does not deserve. The following quotes show how Nabokovs character, Humbert, essentially, seduces the reader as easily as he seduces Lolita. Through the darkness and the tender trees, we could see the arabesques of lighted windows which, touched up by the colored inks of sensitive memory, appear to me now like playing cards-presumably because a bridge game was keeping the enemy busy. She trembled and twitched as I kissed the corner of her parted lips and the hot lobe of her ear. A cluster of stars palely glowed above us, between the silhouettes of long thin leaves; that vibrant sky seemed as naked as she was under her light frock. I saw her face in the sky, strangely distinct as if it emitted a faint radiance of its own. Her legs, her lovely live legs, were not too close together, and when my hand located what it sought, a dreamy and eerie expression, half pleasure, half-pain, came over those childish features. - Part One,  Chapter 4All at once we were madly, clumsily, shamelessly, agonizingly in love with each other; hopelessly, I should add, because that frenzy of mutual possession might have been assuaged only by our actually imbibing and assimilating every particle of each others soul and flesh. - Part One,  Chapter 4 Now I wish to introduce the following idea. Between the age limits of nine and fourteen there occur maidens who, to certain bewitched travelers, twice or many times older than they, reveal their true nature which is not human, but nymphic (that is, demoniac); and these chosen creatures I propose to designate as nymphets. - Part One,  Chapter 5Oh Lolita, you are my girl, as Vee was Poe’s and Bea Dante’s, and what little girl would not like to whirl in a circular skirt and scanties? - Part One, Chapter 25 Obsession Obsession eventually consumes Humbert, who at times seems disgusted at himself. But, the reader is also made to feel unclean for being drawn so completely into the story of Lolita. Lolita, when she chose, could be a most exasperating brat. I was not really quite prepared for her fits of disorganized boredom, intense and vehement griping, her sprawling, droopy, dopey-eyed style, and what is called goofing off a kind of diffused clowning which she thought was tough in a boyish hoodlum way. Mentally, I found her to be a disgustingly conventional little girl. Sweet hot jazz, square dancing, gooey fudge sundaes, musicals, movie magazines and so forth these were the obvious items in her list of beloved things. The Lord knows how many nickels I fed to the gorgeous music boxes that came with every meal we had! - Part Two, Chapter 1I seldom if ever dreamed of Lolita as I remembered her as I saw her constantly and obsessively in my conscious mind during my daymares and insomnias. - Part Two, Chapter 2My heart was a hysterical unreliable organ. - Part Two, Chapter 25It was  love at first sight, at last sight, at ever and ever sight. - Part Two, Chapter 29I am thinkin g of aurochs and angels, the secret of durable pigments, prophetic sonnets, the refuge of art. And this is the only immortality you and I may share, my Lolita. -  Part Two, Chapter 36

Cutting the Mustard

Cutting the Mustard Cutting the Mustard Cutting the Mustard By Maeve Maddox I read an online comment in which the writer said that something wouldn’t â€Å"cut the muster.† I cruised the web a bit to see if this is a common alteration of the idiom to cut the mustard. It doesn’t seem to be too wide spread, but it’s out there. Apparently there’s a mix-up with the expression to pass muster, meaning â€Å"to meet a required standard.† Ex. You call that project â€Å"finished†? It doesn’t pass muster with me! muster: Chiefly Mil. An act of calling together soldiers, sailors, prisoners, etc.; an assembling of people for inspection, exercises, etc. We can say: The general mustered his troops. The private did not pass muster because his shoes were dirty. The expression to cut the mustard derives from associations with the spicy condiment. The expression keen as mustard dates from 1679. Ex. That lad is keen as mustard. (He’s enthusiastic and bright.) Mustard is pungent. It’s strong. It’s hot stuff. It adds flavor to bland food. There was a cowboy expression, the proper mustard, which meant â€Å"the genuine article.† Perhaps from that use mustard came to mean â€Å"the best.† The word â€Å"cut† in the expression hasn’t anything to do with snipping off leaves. It’s used in the sense it has in the expression to cut a fine figure. A person who can cut the mustard has strength and energy. It’s the lack of these qualities that would cause someone to say, â€Å"He’s too old to cut the mustard.† Being unable to cut the mustard doesnt always imply that a person is too old. It may mean that the person, of whatever age, simply hasnt got what it takes to perform a particular activity: Perhaps I could get a job as a maid in somebody’s houseIdden convinced me I would never cut the mustard at this occupation. Hons and Rebels, Jessica Mitford. Marlene Dietrich and Rosemary Clooney used to sing a song called Too Old to Cut the Mustard. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Capitalize Animal and Plant NamesUsed To vs. Use ToEnglish Grammar 101: Prepositions

Gold Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Gold - Research Paper Example Introduction Gold is a dense element having a shiny, soft and malleable surface. Its chemical symbol is Au which comes from a Latin word Aurum. It has an atomic number of 79. Gold is among the non-reactive metal, thus, it many functional uses in manufacturing industries and natural environments. It has rust resistance i.e. does not react with oxygen. It is a good conductor of electricity being able to convey a very tiny electrical current in temperature ranging from -550 to +2000. 1 This metal is among the most ductile metals, thus, it allows to be molded into very small threads or wires without breaking. Furthermore, gold is malleable. This makes it possible to be shaped into extraordinary thin sheets. It is known to be the least absorptive material, but most reflective of infrared energy. Gold with a high purity has the capability of reflecting 99 percent of infrared rays. Also, gold is among the best heat conductors or thermal energy. This makes it to be used to transfer heat away from very delicate instruments, like electronics. Gold alloys, being the most tenacious and long performing material that is used to guard electronics against high temperatures produced by them. Place on earth where gold is mined include Australia, Alaska, Spain, South Africa (Witwatersrand) and other parts of Africa. South Africa remains one of the biggest gold producers in the world. Figure1. Sample image of gold in a pan taken from gold mine in Alaska. Its shinny and can be seen from a far distance in the pan. General properties Below table gives the major general properties of gold which are going to be discussed further and distinguished into chemical or physical classification. General properties of gold. Atomic Mass 196.9655 g.mol -1 Boiling Point 3129 K, 5173  Ã‚ °F, 2856  Ã‚ °C Standard potential +1,68 V ( Au+/ Au ) Ionic Radius 0.137 nm (+1) Vander Waal Radius 0.144 nm Density 19.3 g.cm-3 at 20 °C Electronic Shell [ Xe ] 4f14 5d10 6s1 History Discovered Middle easte rn (Before 6000 BC) Table1. The common properties of gold material, It shows both physical and also the chemical properties of gold. Occurrence in Nature It occurs in its compound and also in native state (It’s Free State). 2 Gold is not combined with any other element in nature. Telluride (a compound of element Tellurium) is the most common compounds of gold. For example, gold telluride (AuTe 2) is mostly composed of mineral calavarite. Also, gold is found in Nuggets and chunks large enough to see. 3 This enables people to mine gold by picking and collecting it from the rivers and streams. Gold estimation abundance in the earth crust is around 0.005 Parts per Million. 3 This makes a very small fraction as compared to Iron and other metals. Many people believe that, about 70 million tons of gold are found in oceans. This has led to many ocean exploration of gold by many individuals and also some hold a belief that around 10 billion tons of gold are found at ocean bottoms. How evwer, no one has ever found a means or a mining way to exploit that bottom gold. Researchers are working extremely hard to discover a way to exploit that bottom ocean gold, dissolved in seawater. Figure2. Pieces of gold attached to a chunk of quartz. Gold is found in Nu

Testing on Animals. Some people are FOR and some people are against Essay

Testing on Animals. Some people are FOR and some people are against - Essay Example Animal testing or animal research involves using animals other than humans for doing research. While such studies may involve mere observation of the animals or their behaviors, in most cases, tin many cases, they involve subjecting the animals to unnatural situations such as in the case of drug testing. Some of the animals that are commonly used in research include mice, guinea pigs, frogs, birds, zebra fish, and primates, to mention but a few (Humane Society International, 2014). Different organizations offer different statistics relating to the number of animals that are used for research across the world and in the U.S. annually. According to Speaking of Research (2014), between 13.6 and 25 million animals are used for research in the United States annually. According to ProCon (2014), roughly 26 million animals are subjected to research tests for commercial or scientific purposes in the United States of America alone annually. In New Zealand and Australia, in excess of six milli on animals are used for teaching and testing annually according to Animals Australia (2014). The statistics, as varied as they are for the few countries mentioned, are nothing short of appalling. The reality is that millions of animals are used for experimentation throughout the world, and more so in developed countries. Do Something (2014) notes that more than 100 million animals suffer burns, abuse, or are poisoned in labs in the United States annually. Many of the animals used for testing die accidentally during the tests or are intentionally killed by researchers. One wonders whether or not it is right for animals to be subjected to pain and suffering by humans as they try to look for solutions that face the world. Different people have different views concerning animal testing. While some experts note that animal testing is useful because it goes a long way in saving humans from preventable deaths and provides good testing grounds for new products, others note that the

Land Use And Land Cover In Ethiopia Environmental Sciences Essay

Land Use And Land Cover In Ethiopia Environmental Sciences Essay This research will focus on population dynamics and effects on the state of natural resources and processes of degradation in the lowlands of Ethiopia. Many developing countries are using their natural resources at rates faster than the natural rate of replacement to sustain their rapid population growth; to generate foreign exchange; and to produce raw materials for industries. Millions of poor farmers destroy vast tracts of forest lands to make room for agricultural activities that will provide sufficient food for their household, community or country (Bartelmus, 1986; Drechsel et al., 2001; McNeill, 2006; Appiah et al., 2007). Agriculture, which dominates most of the African economies, has been the main focus of national development plans of governments. In line with this, a variety of land policies and reforms have been instituted in many African countries in an effort to improve the performance of the agricultural sector, but not always with success. In most countries, traditional agricultural practices and low productivity still persist despite major reforms and large monetary investments to transform the sector. Where agricultural innovations have been introduced, short-term successes have often been followed by long- term environmental problems (Miay, 1976; Drechsel et al., 2001; Appiah et al., 2007). The most frequently occurring and rapidly accelerating problem related to agricultural activities is environmental degradation. In practice, most agricultural programs tend to place a heavy emphasis on increasing production and less on resource management and conservation. As a result, the social and environmental implications of population and land-use and land cover changes are overlooked until a serious physical deterioration occurs (Miay, 1976; Fischer, 1993; Davol, 1998; Makhanya, 2004; Long et al., 2006). In Ethiopia, agriculture is the largest source of employment and foreign exchange: it supports some 85% of the working force, produces about 50% of the gross domestic product and generates over 90% of the countrys export earnings. Because the sector is overwhelmingly dominated by subsistence endeavors land degradation is widely prevalent (Dejene, 1990). This problem is further exacerbated by the heavy concentration of population and economic activities on climatically-favored highland areas of the country. The highland areas (defined as lands above 1,500 meters above sea level) constitute 40% of the total area of the country, 66% of the total cultivated land, 90 % of its arable land and nearly 45% of the grazing land, and support about 80% of the livestock and 88% of human population. As a result, these areas happen to be the most vulnerable and degraded physiographic regions in the country (Bruene, 1990; Woldemariam, 1990; McCann, 1995). As a consequence of population growth and hea vy economic activities, land suitable for cultivation is running short in much of the highland regions of the country. As a result, recent years have seen population relocation to the lowland areas where population size and densities are relatively low. However, this has brought about complex changes in the socio-cultural, economic and ecological conditions in the Beles valley of Metekel, northwest Ethiopia (Abute, 2002), one of the areas to which population shifts have taken place. Yntiso (2003) and Abute (2002) document these changes by indicating how massive resettlements in the 1980s have impoverished the indigenous population and created hostility among ethnic groups in Beles valley, Metekel. These studies, however, give much less emphasis to population dynamics and land use and land cover changes resulting from these changes. Assessing ongoing changes in population dynamics and land use and land cover in this region is vital given the fact that more development endeavors (for example, hydropower generation, irrigation, and mechanized agriculture) are being undertaken by the government. At three percent, this area also has one of the fastest population growth rates in the country (CSA, 2008). The consequences of all this on natural resources degradation and management need further investigations. Review of Related Literature This section reviews existing literature on population and environment interactions and the effects of these interactions. In doing so various perspectives on how population dynamics affects the environment are reviewed. Views on Population Dynamics and the Environment The study of the size, growth and characteristics of human population has a long history. Yet, there is no consensus pertaining to its consequential effects on the environment and the ways to solve the resultant problems (Jolly, 1994; Stock, 1995). Population experts offer four different perspectives (models) regarding population dynamics, consequences and ways of overcoming its effects. These perspectives include the models of classical economists, neo-classical economists, dependency and intermediate variables (Jolly, 1994; Stock, 1995; Kalipeni, 1996). Classical economists argue that high population growth results in environmental degradation. Their theory is grounded on the work of economist Thomas Robert Malthus (1873) who argued that population grows faster than food supply. Furthermore, he suggests that humans have to take actions to reduce fertility. Consequently he suggested abstention from sexual intercourse and chastity. If population growth is left unchecked, he argued, natural checks such as famine, pestilence, and war will reduce population growth. Today, neo-Malthusian population experts like Paul Ehrlich and Garrett Hardin (cited in Sherbinin et al., 2007) and others believe that Malthus prophecy is currently happening in Africa where the pace at which population is growing is higher than the rate at which the economy is growing (Jolly, 1994; Stock, 1995; Muriithi, 1996; Panayotou, 2000; Drechsel et al., 2001; Perz et al., 2005). These experts suggest fertility reduction as the key to preventing environmental destructi on and to improve living standards (Jolly, 1994:72; Sherbinin et al., 2007). Neo-classical economists, on the other hand, stress that inefficient market and inappropriate pricing policy as the causes of environmental degradation (Jolly, 1994; Sherbinin et al., 2007). In other words, inept government policies are responsible for this problem. Jolly (1994:66) and Panayotou (2000) suggest a course of actions like reducing subsidies that encourage over exploitation of resources, make people to pay full costs of using common resources that make the market more efficient and effective as the best way to overcome this problem. The proponents of the dependency model, on the other hand, argue that uneven distribution and consumption of resources is more culpable than population size and growth. In this case equitable distribution and consumption of resources is the obvious solution to tackle the problem (Jolly, 1994; Stock, 1995; Kalipeni, 1996; Perz et al., 2005; Sherbinin et al., 2007). Proximate causes Proximate causes Other Factors Environmental Factors Soil quality, topography, etc Biophysical Drivers Fires, droughts, floods, etc Social Events Social disorder, sudden displacement, abrupt policy shifts, etc Wood extraction Fuel wood Charcoal Production Infrastructure Expansion Transport Market Settlements Public Service Private Company Agricultural Expansion Permanent Cultivation Shifting Cultivation Cattle Ranching Colonization Demographic factors Natural increase Migration Population density Population distribution Cultural Factors Public attitudes and beliefs Individual household behavior (unconcerned about resources, rent-seeking) Policy and Institutional Factors Formal Policies (economic development, credit) Policy climate (Mismanagement) Property rights Technological Factors Agro Technical Change ( Intensification) Agricultural production factor Economic Factors Market growth Commercialization Economic structure Urbanization Price increases, etc Proximate and Underlying Causes of deforestation (Source: Geist Lambin, 2002, figure 1, p. 3) Underlying Causes Figure 1.1: Conceptual framework of Proximate and Underlying Causes of land use and land cover changes (Source: Geist Lambin, 2002, figure 1, p. 3) Theorists known as the proximate determinists argue that high population growth alone does not cause environmental degradation. They contend that population increase should be linked to other factors to result in environmental degradation. In other words, high population increase aggravates resource loss in conjunction with other factors like level of technology, consumption, institutions, poverty and policies (Jolly, 1994; Turner, Meyer and Skole, 1994; Barrow, 1995; Lambin et al., 2001Carr et al., 2005; Perz et al., 2005; Harte, 2007; Pabi, 2007; Sherbinin et al., 2007). In sum, there is no simple co-relation between population dynamics and environmental degradation. It is, however, very important to consider critically the relationship between environment and population and the resultant impact from demographic and non-demographic variables as indicated in the conceptual framework below (Figure 1.1). Causes of Land Use and Land Cover Changes This section reviews existing literature on causes of land use and land cover changes. In doing so, various empirical findings on causes of land use and land cover changes worldwide including Ethiopia are reviewed. Land use and land cover changes are the results of the interplay of many factors. The simple assumption that land use and land cover changes have been caused by few factors do not hold true. Rather, many interrelated complex factors best explain the processes of land use and land cover changes (Lambin et al., 2001; Lambin et al., 2003; Liverman et al., 2008). The same authors further contend that Identifying the causes of land-use change requires an understanding of how people make land-use decisions and how various factors interact in specific contexts to influence decision making on land use (Lambin et al., 2003:216). Decision making processes in turn are affected by different factors prevailing at local, regional and global level. Different researchers have put the reasons for land use and land cover changes in two broad categories as proximate (direct) and underlying (indirect or root causes) (Geist Lambin, 2002; Liverman et al., 2008). Lambin et al., (2003) further contend that proximate factors occur at local or household/farm level whereas underlying factors emanate from regional, country or even global level. As a consequence, proximate variables are context and region specific while the root causes on the other hand will be the result of complex political, economic and social conditions occurring at a distance. Farm level analysis allows to address proximate causes and to interpret them in reference to underlying causes (Mottet et al., 2006). Long, et al., (2007) identify industrialization, urbanization, population growth, and Chinas economic reforms as major factors of land use changes in Kunshan. Another study in Zimbabwe also recognized that pressure for agricultural land, building materials and fuel wood triggered land use and land cover changes (Mapedza et al., 2003). The study by Brink and Eva (2009) also reveals that there is a significant degree of land use /cover change in Sub-Saharan Africa. These changes have resulted due to manmade and natural drivers related to high rate of population increase, economic development and globalization on one hand and natural hazards such as floods, landslides, drought and climate change on the other end of the spectrum (Brink and Eva, 2009). The study conducted in Afar, Ethiopia, identified more than fifteen factors that cause land use and land cover changes (Tsegaye et al., 2010). The driving forces documented in the study include migration from nearby highlands triggered by drought, land tenure and government policy changes only to mention some (Tsegaye et al., 2010). Another study in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia reveals that population growth, decline in agricultural productivity, land tenure change and erratic rainfall have the major drivers of land use and land cover in the area (Garedew et al., 2009). The land use and land cover dynamics study in the northwestern Ethiopia suggests that population dynamics, exiting land tenure, institutional and socioeconomic conditions should be critically examined to put in place any land related policy (Zeleke Hurni, 2001). In sum, the factors that affect land use and land cover changes are complex and at time interrelated. Thus, the study of land use and land cover changes demands a careful investigation into these complex and interrelated factors at local, national and global level as indicated in the conceptual framework above (Figure 1.1). Statement of the Problem The impact of population dynamics, especially the absolute increase in human numbers each year due to natural increase and/or mobility, plays a crucial role in resource degradation. As population continues to expand in number, it exerts increased pressure on eco-system and natural resource stocks. One of the reasons for the shrinking size of land holdings as well as the degradation of forest, soil, and water resources in many areas of the developing world is the direct result of rapid population growth (Arnon, 1987; UNFPA, 1991; Drechsel et al., 2001; Etter et al., 2006; Pabi, 2007, Boone et al., 2007, Nguyen, 2008). Resources have to be created to meet the changing and rising demands of the people. The larger the number of people, the greater the density and the more will be the pressure on resources (Onwuka, 2006). Various studies indicate that there is a marked resource loss because of population pressure in Sub-Saharan Africa (Drechsel et al., 2001), Eastern Madagascar (Kull, 199 8), China (Long et al., 2006) and Dominican Republic (Sambrook et al., 1999). Turner et al. (1994) also contend that land cover change stemming from human land uses represents a major source and a major element of global environmental change. The same authors underscore that human actions are altering the terrestrial environment at unprecedented rates, magnitudes, and spatial scales (1994). In Ethiopia, too, fast population growth and uneven spatial distribution of population have been affecting resource use, leading to its gradual deterioration. Rapid population growth (currently exceeding 2.6 % per annum) is resulting in increased demands for additional arable land which is surely not adequately available (Mamo, 1990; CSA, 2008, Teferra, 2009). As Mamo and Teferra (1990, 2009) argue population growth leads further to unnecessary natural resource exploitation such as forest clearing both for farming and settlement purposes, short fallow periods, and land fragmentation which has a direct adverse effect on agricultural output. Most of the population of Ethiopia is settled on the highlands, with the northern and central highlands being the oldest settled regions of the country. These regions are the most exploited and environmentally degraded areas in the entire country. Due to the shortage of arable land, land is continuously utilized year after year, thus giving diminishing yields (Kebede and Jacob, 1988; Assefa and Zegeye, 2003). This condition, coupled with the occurrence of recurrent drought and famine, has forced people from the northern and central highlands to move to the southern, southwestern and northwestern parts of the country for resettlement in both planned and spontaneous ways. These resettlements have resulted in population increase and consequent environmental and of natural resources depletion or degradation (Assefa and Zegeye, 2003; Paterson, 2007). Resulting from the north-south move, a noticeable population change has gradually prevailed in the Metekel region, leading to increased pressure on existing resources. According to Yntiso (2003), resettlement has caused rapid changes in both the distribution and types of land cover and land-use in Metekel zone. Due to increased population resulting from the resettlement program, vegetation cover has been cleared and replaced by crop lands, the length of fallow period has been reduced and, more importantly, land degradation, deforestation and cultivation of marginal lands have become the order of the day (Dejene, 1990; Mamo, 1994; Yntiso, 2003). Furthermore, the livelihoods of the indigenous people (hunting, gathering, shifting cultivation and fishing) have substantially decreased due to significant land use and land cover changes (Abute, 2002; Yntiso, 2003). Recent studies have also revealed that due to improvements in socio-economic conditions (for example, new construction of an all-weather road and government-led development programs), population size has increased in the northwest lowlands of Metekel. Land-use patterns have shown changes in this area as well. Migration from highland to lowland areas, voluntary as well as involuntary, has caused changes in the socioeconomic relations between migrants and the indigenous people by increasing conflict between them (Pender, 2001; Taddese, 2001; Yntiso, 2003; Patterson, 2007). Over the past several years, a number of studies related to resource degradation have been carried out in many places of the Ethiopian highlands. However, similar studies related to population dynamics and land use and land cover changes in lowland areas are either scanty or non-existent. The above discussions testify that there is a significant land use and land cover changes in the study area since the 1980s. An assessment of the processes and factors leading to population dynamics and the resultant land use and land cover change becomes indispensable and timely to promote sustainable economic, social and ecological development in the study area in particular and the country in general. Such a study would also serve as a basis to influence development interventions and policy discussions related to population changes and natural resources degradation and management. Objectives of the Study The main objective of this thesis research is to investigate the impact that demographic and non-demographic variables have on land use and land cover and their effects on population and natural resources in Mandura district, northwest lowland of Ethiopia. The study also intends to suggest plausible policy option(s) to address the consequential problems in the study area. The study would include the following specific objectives: To analyze the extent and patterns of population dynamics since the 1950s; To investigate land use and land cover changes since the 1950s in the study area; To examine the perception of people on trends and drivers of land use /cover changes and population dynamics in the study area; To investigate the effects of policy changes on land use and land cover changes and population Dynamics; To analyze livelihood changes since the 1950s in the study area. Research Questions Based on the stated objectives above, the principal research questions of this study, therefore, are: how have demographic and non-demographic factors heighten land use and land cover changes in Mandura district since the 1950s? What are the effects of such changes on the population and the natural resources of the study area? Other sub-research questions will include: What demographic changes had been taken place since the 1950s? What are the extents of land use and land cover changes since the 1950s? What are the major drivers of land use and land cover changes? How do major actors at different levels perceive the changes in land use land cover and population? How have government policies (during the three regimes) intensified land use and land cover changes population dynamics? How have land use and land cover and population dynamics contributed to livelihood changes since the 1950s? Development Relevance for Ethiopia/Africa In the recent past, planned and spontaneous population relocation has taken place in the Ethiopian lowlands where population size and densities are relatively low, including the study area of this research. Such relocations have undoubtedly brought about complex changes in the local economic, socio-cultural and ecological conditions. These complex changes in the study area have motivated me to undertake this research. The study will contribute to the development efforts in Ethiopia in particular and in Africa in general on the ground that: Many African countries are experiencing rapid and accelerating population growth which has induced adverse effects on the environment. This study will thoroughly assess the degree and extent of population-induced adverse environmental changes and will attempts to provide possible solutions to address the problem. Future development endeavourers in Ethiopia are shifting from the highlands to the lowlands where there exists low population pressure and ample agricultural land. This study will generate relevant information that will contributes to the development plans of the country. The lowland areas of Ethiopia are the least studied parts as compared to highlands. The knowledge gained from this study could serve as a guide for future research/development activities. Methodology Description of the Study Area The study will be conducted in Mandura district, Metekel zone of Benshangul-Gumuz Regional state. Mandura is situated between 100.50.743 N and 110.10.766 N and 360.02.48E and 360.32.42E longitude, about 546 kilometers away from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. The total area of the district is about 1,045 square kilometer. Physiologically it is part of the northwestern lowlands where many development endeavors are currently taking place. The study will be undertaken in the district where the land use and land cover change is significantly high (Figure 1. 2). According to the third Ethiopian national census, Metekel Zone has a total population of 235, 638 of which Mandura district constituted 15.52 % (36,568 people) (CSA, 2008). Climatically the study area is characterized by the following features. It receives rainfall from March to September. The mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures are 320C and 160C respectively (Kebede, 2006). With regard to some bio-physical information, the study area has different types of woodlands and the soil is broadly classified as vertisols (black clay soils), Nitisols (red or reddish brown laterite soils) and intermediate soils of a blackish brown (Kebede, 2006). Data Collection and Analysis The triangulation mixed method specifically the concurrent triangulation approach is selected as research design. The concurrent mixed approach is a kind of research design where quantitative and qualitative data are gathered at the same time (Creswell, 2003; Gay et al., 2009). Creswell (2003)) and Gay et al., (2009) further contend that this method is used by the researcher in an attempt to substantiate, cross-validate, or confirm findings within a single study. The rationale behind selecting this approach is the research under consideration (population-environment interaction and identifying factors driving land use and land cover changes) is complex and needs to be examined from various angles. In addition, it demands the employment of diverse data collection instruments to capture as many factors as possible that explain land use and land cover changes in the study area. Furthermore, this strategy enables the researcher to collect data in a short time period (Creswell, 2003; Gay et al., 2009). To this end, both quantitative and qualitative data will be collected simultaneously using questionnaire survey, focus group discussion, intensive personal interviews, and field observations. Details are given below Data for this study will be obtained through questionnaire survey, interpreting remotely sensed images, and aerial photograph interpretation to generate information on land use and land cover changes over time in the study area. Other researchers have used similar techniques (Tegene, 2002; Makhanya, 2004; Appiah et al., 2007 Rain et al., 2007; Sherbinin et al., 2007; Ningal et al., 2008; Salehi et al., 2008, Garedew et al., 2009). Also data pertaining to population dynamics, livelihood changes over time, causes and consequences of land use and land cover changes will be obtained using questionnaire survey, intensive interviews, focus group discussions, and field observations. Inherently, a study of resource- population interactions and land use and land cover changes need the employment of diverse methods so as to find out the many factors that involve in land use and land cover changes (Ewel, 2001; Tegene, 2002; Bewket, 2003; McCusker, 2004; Campbell et al., 2005:; Long et al., 2006 ). Published and unpublished documents produced by governmental and non-governmental organizations will provide secondary data at different jurisdictional levels. For instance, the Central Statistical Agency (CSA), various regional state documents and FAO/UNDP provide information on land resources and land-use patterns. The SPSS software will be used for statistical analysis. Below are details of data collection and methods of analysis for each objective of the research. Objective 1: Analysis of population dynamics over time Data related to population dynamics are obtained from publications generated by the Central Statistical Agency (CSA). These publications provide information on population size, growth, density, migration and urbanization over time at zonal and district levels. The national census results of the 1984, 1996 and 2007 are relevant in this regard. In depth interviews and focus group discussions will supplement this information. Three study sites will be selected for this investigation. The sites selection is based on the degree of human interference assessed in terms of high degree of land use and land cover changes in comparison with other sites in the region. A Stratified random sampling technique will be used to select households for the survey. The selection involves two steps: First, households will be categorized into two strata: indigenous households and migrant or settler households. Second, household heads to be interviewed will be randomly selected from each stratum. A total of 210 households (70 from each study sites; 35 for each stratum) will be randomly selected and surveyed using structured and pre-tested questionnaire. A sample size of 35 is believed to be adequate for analysis because with a sample size of 30 or more observations, it is possible to have estimates of accuracy from the mean (Clark and Hosking, 1986; Cohen, Manion and Morrison, 2000). Simple frequency and contingency tables will be used to analyze the data. A group containing 8-10 elderly people with deep knowledge of the study sites will be selected for an in-depth interview and focus group discussions. Qualitative data will be analyzed following procedures given below. First the data collected will be described and classified. Then the data will be connected with each other depending upon their similarities and differences. Classification is concerned with identifying coherent classes and connection on the other hand involves the identification and understanding of the relat ionships and association between different classes (Kitchin Tate, 2000:235). Objective 2: Land use and land cover changes Land use and land cover changes will be assessed by analyzing aerial photographs of different time periods (1950s and 1980s) using ArcGIS. Field visits will be carried out to reinforce the accuracy of the interpretation. Remotely sensed images will also be used to assess the current land use and land cover changes. Questionnaire surveys, in depth interview and focus group discussions will be arranged to generate additional information and to strengthen data generated from aerial photographs and remotely sensed images. To properly understand land use and land cover dynamics, identification of independent (explanatory) and dependent variable is crucial. Accordingly, the independent (explanatory) variables will be population dynamics expressed as change in population size, growth rates, density, migration and settlement expansion. Additionally, government policies, existence of an all-weather road famine and drought will also be used as non-demographic explanatory variables. On the other hand, changes in proportion of cultivated land, changes in forest cover (bamboo and thickets), grasslands, and expansions of arable land will be dependent variables used to analyze land use and land cover dynamics. The data will be analyzed using simple frequency tables, cross tabulation and correlation coefficient to see whether or not there exists a relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Multivariate regression analysis is chosen (a) to determine the existence of significant relationships bet ween demographic and non demographic factors and land use and land cover changes and (b) to assess the possibility of obtaining predictions from the equation. In addition, the identified variables mean are compared using the cross tabulation method. Correlation coefficients will be employed to figure out the existence of a relationship between demographic and non-demographic variables and land use and land cover changes. Multivariate analysis by way of discriminate analysis will be employed to ascertain the key factors determining land use and land cover changes in the study area. Focus group discussion, mapping, Semi-structured interview and other participatory methods will be employed to ascertain information gained from aerial photograph interpretation. These methods can give deep understanding about the timing and causes of land use and land cover changes than aerial photo analysis alone (Mapedza et al., 2003). Objective 3: Investigating perception of people on trends and drivers of land use /cover changes and population dynamics; This objective attempts to figure out peoples perception of the possible causes of land use and land cover changes. This can be attained by generating information through questionnaire surveys, in depth interviews and focus group discussions with, indigenous people, migrants, local experts and policy makers at different jurisdictional levels. The data will be analyzed using simple frequency tables, cross tabulation and correlation coefficient to find out if differences exist between the views of different actors on land use and land cover changes and population dynamics. Qualitative data will be analyzed following procedures given below. First the data collected will be described and classified. Then the data will be connected with each other depending upon their similarities and differences. Classification is concerned with identifying coherent classes and connection on the other hand involves the identification and understanding of the relationships and association between differen t classes (Kitchin Tate, 2000:235). Objective 4: Investigating effects of policy changes on land use and land cover and population dynamics One of the issues this study will try to investigate is effects of go